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Ammonium chloride structure

Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chloride, with the chemical formula NH4Cl and CAS registry number 12125-02-9, is a compound commonly known as sal ammoniac. It is a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. Ammonium chloride is widely used in various industries, including as a fertilizer, a flux in metal working, and a component in dry cell batteries. It is also used in the production of textiles, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. Ammonium chloride has a distinctive odor and taste, and it is often used as a flavoring agent in licorice candies. In addition, it has been used in traditional medicine for its expectorant and diuretic properties. However, it is important to note that excessive consumption of ammonium chloride can be harmful to human health, and it should be used with caution.
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1. Names and Identifiers
1.1 Name
Ammonium chloride
1.2 Synonyms
2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenol ammoniate (1:1); 235-186-4; A649-3; Amoklor; Benzenemethanol, 2-hydroxy-, ammonium salt; Catalyst RD; chlorammonic(france); chloridammonia(czech); chloridamonny; chloridamonny(czech); clorurodeamonio; Darvan 20; Fenidin; SAL AMMONIA; Salammoniacus; Salmiacum;
1.3 CAS No.
12125-02-9
1.4 CID
25517
1.5 EINECS
235-186-4
1.6 Molecular Formula
ClH4N
1.7 Inchi
InChI=1S/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3
1.8 InChkey
NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1.9 Canonical Smiles
[NH4+].[Cl-]
1.10 Isomers Smiles
[NH4+].[Cl-]
2. Properties
2.1 Vapour pressure
1.9 (vs air)
2.2 Solubility
H2O: 1?M at?20?°C, clear, colorless
2.3 VaporDensity
1.9 (vs air)
2.4 Appearance
White crystalline solid
2.5 Storage
Ambient temperatures.
2.6 Chemical Properties
Colorless cubic crystals or white crystals. Taste salty and slightly bitter. Soluble in water, liquid ammonia, slightly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in acetone and ether.
2.7 Color/Form
Colorless crystals or crystalline masses; or white, granular powder
Cubic crystals
A white, fine or coarse, crystalline powder
Finely divided, ... white particulate dispersed in air.
2.8 PH
4.7 (200g/l, H2O, 25℃)(External MSDS)
2.9 Water Solubility
H2O: soluble
2.10 Spectral Properties
Index of refraction: 1.642
2.11 Stability
Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong bases.
2.12 StorageTemp
Store at RT.
3. Use and Manufacturing
3.1 Agricultural Uses
Ammonium chloride, like all other ammonium salts, isused as a fertilizer. It contains 24 to 26% nitrogen and isavailable as white crystals or granules. A coarse form ofthis fertilizer is preferred to the powdered form for directapplication. Its crystals are used in compound fertilizers.Ammonium chloride is a good source of nitrogen forcotton, rice, wheat, barley, maize, sorghum, sugar caneand fiber crops. It is easy to handle. In some cases,however, the material tends to become lumpy anddifficult to spread.Ammonium chloride is used either directly forfertilization or in a variety of compound fertilizers, suchas ammonium phosphate chloride or ammoniumpotassium chloride or in combination with urea orammonium sulphate.As a fertilizer, ammonium chloride has an advantagein that it contains 26% nitrogen, which is higher than thatfound in ammonium sulphate (20.5%). In terms of perunit cost of nitrogen, ammonium chloride is relativelycheaper than ammonium sulphate and has someagronomic advantages for rice. Nitrification ofammonium chloride is less rapid than that of urea orammonium sulphate. Therefore, nitrogen losses arelower and yields, higher.However, ammonium chloride is a highly acidforming fertilizer and the amount of calcium carbonaterequired to neutralize the acidity is more than thefertilizer itself, Further, it has a lower nitrogen contentand a higher chloride content compared to urea andammonium nitrate, making it harmful to some plants.Several methods are used to produce ammoniumchloride. The most important is the dual-salt process(modified Solvay process) wherein ammonium chlorideand sodium carbonate are produced simultaneously usingcommon salt and anhydrous ammonia as the principalstarting materials. When ammonium chloride is mixedwith phosphatic and potassic fertilizers, a large amount ofsoil calcium is lost as its conversion into soluble calciumchloride causes it to leach out easily.Like ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride can beapplied to wet land crops. In terms of the agronomicsuitability, it is generally rated as equal to other straightnitrogenous fertilizers.Ammonium chloride is, however, not ideal forgrapes, chilies, potatoes and tobacco as the addedchlorine affects the quality and storability of these crops.Industrial uses of ammonium chloride are indry-battery manufacture and as a flux for soldering andbrazing.
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3.2 Definition
ChEBI: An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.
3.3 Description

Ammonium chloride, with the chemical formula NH4Cl, has the CAS number 12125-02-9. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a characteristic odor. The basic structure of ammonium chloride consists of one nitrogen atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom. This compound is highly soluble in water. Ammonium chloride is considered to be relatively safe for use, but it can cause irritation to the respiratory system and eyes. It is important to handle this chemical with care and avoid inhalation or direct contact with the eyes. Additionally, ammonium chloride should be stored in a cool and dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Applicable Fields

Fertilizer: Ammonium chloride is commonly used as a nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture. Its purpose in this field is to provide plants with a readily available source of nitrogen, which is essential for their growth and development. The mechanism of action involves the uptake of ammonium ions by plant roots, which are then converted into amino acids and proteins.

Electroplating: This compound is also used in the field of electroplating. Its purpose in electroplating is to serve as a source of chloride ions, which are necessary for the deposition of metal coatings onto various surfaces. The mechanism of action involves the dissolution of ammonium chloride in water to release chloride ions, which then facilitate the electroplating process.

Storage

Conditions: Store in a cool and dry place.

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3.4 General Description
Ammonium chloride is a white crystalline solid. Ammonium chloride is soluble in water(37%). The primary hazard is the threat posed to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Ammonium chloride is used to make other ammonium compounds, as a soldering flux, as a fertilizer, and for many other uses.
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3.5 Potential Exposure
Ammonium chloride is used as anindustrial chemical, pharmaceutical, and veterinary drug; tomake dry batteries; in galvanizing; as a soldering flux.
3.6 Produe Method
Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammoniawith hydrochloric acid.
3.7 Purification Methods
Crystallise it several times from conductivity water (1.5mL/g) between 90o and 0o. It sublimes. After one crystallisation, ACS grade has: metal(ppm) As (1.2), K (1), Sb (7.2), V (10.2). [Becher in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 812 1963.]
3.8 Shipping
UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances,solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneoushazardous material, Technical Name Required.
3.9 Usage
Manufacture of dry cell batteries; component of fluxes in zinc and tin plating; fume is evolved in galvanizing operations; mordant in dyeing and printing; fertilizer; hardener for formaldehyde-based adhesives
3.10 Waste Disposal
Pretreatment involves additionof sodium hydroxide to liberate ammonia and form thesoluble sodium salt. The liberated ammonia can be recoveredand sold. After dilution to the permitted provisionallimit, the sodium salt can be discharged into a stream orsewer.
4. Safety and Handling
4.1 Exposure Standards and Regulations
The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, incl ammonium chloride, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: ammonium chloride is included in cold, cough, allergy, bronchodilator and antiasthmatic drug products.
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4.2 Other Preventative Measures
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ to contain flow as necessary.
Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.
Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.
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4.3 Cleanup Methods
Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
Environmental considerations- water spill: Neutralize with dilute acid.
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4.4 DisposalMethods
SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Pretreatment involves addition of sodium hydroxide to liberate ammonia and form the soluble sodium salt. The liberated ammonia can be recovered and sold. After dilution to the permitted provisional limit, the sodium salt can be discharged into a stream or sewer.
Group III Containers (both combustible and non-combustible) that previously held organic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides should be triple rinsed, punctured and disposed of in a sanitary landfill. Non-rinsed containers should be encapsulated and buried at a specially designated landfill site. /Organic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides/
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4.5 Fire Fighting Procedures
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)
4.6 Formulations/Preparations
Contains 99.5-99.8% ammonium chloride; principal impurity is sodium chloride; exists in two temperature dependent crystal modifications. Prepn and properties: Gmelin's, ammonium (8th ed) 23, pp 150-184 (1936); Kane, "Ammonium Chloride" in Mellor's Vol VIII, Supplement 1, Nitrogen (Part 1), 378-432F(1964).
Dosage forms--injection NF: 160 mg/30 mL, 600 mg/100 mL, 10.7 g/500 ml, 21.4 g/1000 mL; tablets NF: 500 mg and 1 g.
Grades: Technical (lump or granulated); CP; USP; FCC
99-100% purity in several commercial forms marketed.
Parenteral: For injection, concentrate: 26.75% (5 mEq of NH4+ and Cl- per mL) Ammonium Chloride Injection, (Hospira).
Ammonium chloride contains not less than 99.5% and not more than 100.5% of NH4Cl ... Ammonium Chloride Injection ... contains not less than 95.0% and not more than 105.0% of the labeled amt of ammonium chloride ... Ammonium Chloride Tablets contains not less than 94.0% and not more than 106.0% of the labeled amt of ammonium chloride.
ACS grades; -10 mesh particle size, 99.999% purity grade; technical R (rods), granular C grades, FW and FWN powder grades; technical, treated grades
Free-flo fine granular and crystal grades; ACS reagent crystal grades
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4.7 Incompatibilities
Ammonium chloride is incompatible with strong acids and strongbases. It reacts violently with ammonium nitrate and potassiumchlorate, causing fire and explosion hazards. It also attacks copperand its compounds.
4.8 Protective Equipment and Clothing
Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.z
Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.
Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]
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4.9 Reactivities and Incompatibilities
Can react violently with ammonium nitrate and potassium chlorate.
The decomposition of ammonium nitrate in the presence of ammonium chloride (0.1%) becomes violent around 175 deg C. The gases liberated contain chlorine. /Ammonium nitrate:ammonium chloride/
It should never be combined with potassium chlorate, mixture that in dry state may explode, especially at elevated temp.
Explosive reaction. /Bromine trifluoride: ammonium halides/
Addition of ammonium chloride to a drum of weed-killer was suspected as the cause of a violent explosion (involving formation of ammonium chlorate). Mixtures, used for smoke compositions, are hazardous. /Potassium chlorate: ammonium chloride/
Cyanogen halides may be prepared by electrolysis of hydrogen cyanide or its salts mixed with halides salts. If ammonium chloride is used as the halide salts, precautions to prevent formation of explosive nitrogen trichloride are necessary.
Bromine pentafluoride ... /contacts/ with ... /ammonium chloride/ at ambient or slightly elevated temp is violent, ignition often occurring ... /Bromine pentafluoride: Acids, et al/
Alkalis & their carbonates, lead & silver salts, strong oxidizers, ammonium nitrate, potassium chlorate, bromine trifluoride [Note: Corrodes most metals at high (i.e., fire) temperatures].
Iodine heptafluoride reacts violently with ... ammonium chloride ... /Iodine heptafluoride :Ammonium bromide/
Explosive mixtures may result if ammonium chloride is compounded with potassium chlorate or other strong oxidizing agents.
In the manufacture of signaling smokes this combination /of potassium chlorate and ammonium chloride/ is hazardous because of metathetical interaction to form unstable ammonium perchlorate. /Potassium chlorate: ammonium chloride/
Attacks copper and its compounds.
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4.10 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations
Mild skin and respiratory system irritant.
Dust: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat. Solid: Irritating to skin and eyes.
Potential symptoms of overexposure to fumes are irritation of eyes, skin, respiratory system; cough, dyspnea, pulmonary sensitization.
4.11 Safety

Hazard Codes of Ammonium chloride (CAS NO.12125-02-9):?HarmfulXn
Risk Statements: 22-36-41-37/38?
R22: Harmful if swallowed.?
R36: Irritating to eyes.?
R41: Risk of serious damage to the eyes.?
R37/38: Irritating to respiratory system and skin.
Safety Statements: 22-36-26?
S22: Do not breathe dust.?
S36: Wear suitable protective clothing.?
S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
RIDADR: UN 9085
WGK Germany: 1
RTECS: BP4550000

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4.12 Sensitive
Hygroscopic
4.13 Specification

?Ammonium chloride , its cas register number is 12125-02-9. It also can be called?Ammonium chloride [USAN] ; Ammonium muriate ; Sal ammoniac ;?Amchlor ; Ammon Chlor ; Ammonchlor? Ammoneric ; Ammonium Chloratum ; Ammonium Chloride Injection .It?is a white crystalline solid and?soluble in water(37%). The primary hazard is the threat posed to the environment. Its immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment.

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4.14 Toxicity
Oral - Rat LD50: 1650 mg / kg; Oral - mouse LD50: 1300 mg / kg
5. MSDS

2.Hazard identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

Acute toxicity - Oral, Category 4

Eye irritation, Category 2

2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram(s)
Signal word

Warning

Hazard statement(s)

H302 Harmful if swallowed

H319 Causes serious eye irritation
Precautionary statement(s)
Prevention

P264 Wash ... thoroughly after handling.

P270 Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.

P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

Response

P301+P312 IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/\u2026if you feel unwell.

P330 Rinse mouth.

P305+P351+P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.

P337+P313 If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.

Storage

none

Disposal

P501 Dispose of contents/container to ...

2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification

none

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6. NMR Spectrum
IR : KBr disc  
7. Synthesis Route
12125-02-9Total: 6 Synthesis Route
 
318-98-9
318-98-9 207 Suppliers
 
124-38-9
124-38-9 151 Suppliers
 
12125-02-9
12125-02-9 908 Suppliers
 
1467-16-9
1467-16-9 37 Suppliers
 
288-32-4
288-32-4 571 Suppliers
 
12125-02-9
12125-02-9 908 Suppliers
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8. Precursor and Product
precursor:
7664-41-7
7664-41-7
6141-81-7
6141-81-7
79-37-8
79-37-8
6569-51-3
6569-51-3
1467-16-9
1467-16-9
172733-07-2
172733-07-2
318-98-9
318-98-9
product:
10025-85-1
10025-85-1
51806-98-5
51806-98-5
940-71-6
940-71-6
2950-45-0
2950-45-0
13596-41-3
13596-41-3
351418-50-3
351418-50-3
9. Computed Properties
10.Other Information
Merck
14,509
Water Solubility
0°C:29.4g 10°C:33.3g 20°C:37.2g 30°C:41.4g 40°C:45.8g 50°C:50.4g 60°C:55.2g 70°C:60.2g  80°C:65.6g  90°C:71.3g  100°C:77.3g
Decomposition temperature
The Decomposition temperature of ammonium chloride is 337.8 °C. In this temperature, it dissociates into ammonia and hydrogen chloride and then , on cold exposure, re-synthesize small particles of ammonium chloride and white fog that is not easy to sink and very difficult to dissolve in water. The visible gas will change back to ammonium chloride.
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Drug instructions
Action category This product is a expectorant drug which belongs to non-prescription drug.
Pharmacological effects
1. when ammonium chloride comes into body, part of ammonium ions rapidly metabolize to form urea, which is excreted by the urine. Chlorine ions and hydrogen ions combine into hydrochloric acid, thereby correcting alkali poisoning.
2. ammonium chloride has a stimulating effect on the respiratory mucosa, and can reflexively increase the mucus secretion of respiratory tract to discharge sputum and clear the sticky sputum coating. After this product is absorbed, chloride ions come into the blood and extracellular fluid to acidify the urine.
Indications
1. severe metabolic alkalosis that can not be satisfactorily corrected after the application of adequate sodium chloride injection.
2. ammonium chloride loading test can measure the acidification function of renal tubular and be used for the differential diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis.
3. eliminating phlegm, suitable for dry cough and condition where sputum is not easy to cough and so on.
Usage and dosage
1. Common dose of adult (taking orally): expectorant, 0.3-0.6g each time, 3 times a day; diuretic, 0.6~2g each time, 3 times a day.
2. Common daily dose of children by weight: 40-60mg/kg or by body surface area:1.5g/m2, 4 times one day.
3. Severe metabolic alkalosis (taking orally): 1~2g each time, 3 times a day. If necessary, intravenous infusion of 2% ammonium chloride according to the weight of 1ml/kg is needed, which can reduce CO2CPO. The amount of ammonium chloride should be calculated by 45mmol/L and then be diluted to 0.9% (isotonic) concentration with 5% glucose injection that used for intravenous infusion for 2 to 3 times.
Precautions
1. Disabled for ulcer disease and severe liver and kidney dysfunction.
2. Disabled for people allergy to this product.
3. Disabled when the drug traits change.
4. When taking excessive dose or having serious adverse reactions, should seek medical attention immediately.
5. Children must be supervised by adults while applying this medicine.
6. Keep this medicine out of the reach of children.
Adverse reactions
 This medicine can cause nausea, stomach pain and other symptoms.
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Methods of production
The main method to produce ammonium chloride is combined-soda process, in which the main raw materials used are carbon, ammonia, water and salt. The production is divided into two processes.
The first process is the production of soda ash:
production of ammonium chloride
The second process is the production of ammonium chloride:
This process is performed in two steps. First, the mother liquor are sent into the first cold-crystallizer for cold crystallization to precipitate part of ammonium chloride; Second, the process is salting-out crystallization. Namely, according to the characteristic that the solubility of ammonium chloride is higher than that of sodium chloride at normal temperature while lower at low temperature, salt powder is added into the salt-crystallizer to make the remaining ammonium chloride crystallize alone due to the same ion effect. Finally, the ammonium chloride acquired from the former two steps is merged, centrifuged and dried at 65~68 ° C to obtain ammonium chloride products.
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Other application and function
Ammonium chloride can be used as the electrolyte of carbon-zinc dry batteries and be largely used for the electroplating industry, especially in cyanide-free plating. For example, ZnCl2 and NH4Cl are the main components of the plating solution of cyanide-free zinc plating and ZnCl2 can form complex ions ZnCl42-(or ZnCl3-) with Cl-which have similar properties with [Zn(CN)4]2-and can continue to dissociate a small amount of Zn2+ to deposit on the cathode plating and make the coating uniformity.
It can also be used as the important raw material to synthesize inorganic polymer compounds. For example, the highly polymeric chain-like nitrides (SN)x as superconducting materials are prepared by the reaction of S2Cl2 and NH4Cl. High polychlorophosphonazo benzene compounds are synthesized with NH4Cl and PCl5. Chlorine boron nitrogen benzene compounds are formed by the reaction of NH4Cl and BCl3. They are all called "inorganic benzene" compounds, which are very useful non-metallic inorganic materials.
In addition, ammonium chloride can also be used as dyeing mordant, analysis reagents, gunpowder materials and flux. Ammonium chloride and metal oxides can react to generate chloride to remove the oxide on the metal surface while welding. The ammonium chloride whose content is more than 99.5% can be used as diuretics.
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Mixture preparation
A mount of ammonium chloride is dissolved in 500ml of distilled water and then filtrated. The pH value of filtrate is adjust to 8~9 with dilute ammonia solution. Add glycerol and extractum glycyrrhizae liquidum to mix well, followed by adding antimony potassium tartrate aqueous solution ( adding potassium antimonate tartrate into 20ml distilled water and heated for dissolvant) and compound camphor tincture while stirring. Finally, add distilled water to mix to 1000ml and stir well. This product can be used for eliminating phlegm and relieving cough.
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content analysis
Accurately weigh 200 mg sample pretreated by drying in a silica gel for 4 hours, and dissolve in 40 ml of water in a stoppered flask. While stirring, 3 ml of nitric acid, 5 ml of nitrobenzene and 50.0 ml of 0.1 mol/L silver nitrate are added, Shake, add 2ml of iron ammonium sulfate solution (TS-99) and then titrate excess silver nitrate with 0.1mol/L ammonium thiocyanate solution. Per ml of 0.1 mol/L silver nitrate solution is equivalent to 5.349mg of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl).
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Toxicity
ADI is not subject to restrictive regulations (FAO/WHO, 2001).
GRAS (FDA, § 184.1138, 2000).
LD 501650 mg/kg (rat, oral).
Toxicity
ADI is not limited (FAO/WHO, 1979). It is generally recognized as safe (US Food and Drug Administration, 1985). Generally mixed with sodium bicarbonate to use and the amount is about 25% of sodium bicarbonate or 10~20 g/kg of wheat flour. It is  mainly used for bread, biscuits and so on.
Toxicity
It has big corrosiveness and should be used carefully for not contacting with the skin. The permissible concentration of ammonium chloride fume in the air is 10mg/m3. Operators should wear overalls, masks, latex gloves and other labor insurance products. Production equipment should be closed and the workshop ventilation should be good.
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Chemical properties
Colorless cubic crystals or white crystals. Taste salty and slightly bitter. Soluble in water, liquid ammonia, slightly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in acetone and ether.
Uses
(1) Mainly used in the manufacture of dry batteries and batteries, other ammonium salts, electroplating additives, metal welding flux, and also used in tanning, candles, adhesives, etc.
(2) Used for medicine, dry batteries, fabric printing，dyeing, fertilizer, tanning, electroplating, detergent and so on.
(3) Mainly used in the manufacture of dry batteries and storage batteries. It is the raw materials for the manufacture of other ammonium salts. Used as a dyeing aid, plating bath additives and metal welding flux. Also used for tin and zinc plating, tanning, medicine, candles, adhesives, chromizing and precision casting.
(4) Used as fertilizer for crops and it is suitable for rice, wheat, cotton, hemp, vegetables and other crops.
(5) Used for the analysis of reagents and the test of synthetic fiber viscosity
(6) Used as yeast nutrients (mainly used for brewing beer) and dough conditioner. Generally mixed with sodium bicarbonate and the amount is about 25% of sodium bicarbonate or measured by 10~20g/kg wheat flour. Mainly used for bread, biscuits and so on. Processing aids (GB 2760-96).
(7) Use as yeast nutrients and dough conditioner in the food industry.
(8) Medicinal ammonium chloride is used for expectorants and diuretics.
Used as expectorants. Also used as adhesives, detergents, dyeing auxiliaries, and   used in electroplating, welding, tanning, medicine, photography and other industries.
(9) Used for separation and precipitation of ions. Also used to prepare the buffer and determine uric acid. Also used as refrigerants and pharmaceuticals.
(10) Used for separation and precipitation of ions. Also used to prepare the buffer and determine uric acid. Also used as refrigerants and pharmaceuticals.
The product of pharmaceutical grade can be used for expectorants and auxiliary diuretics. Used for eliminating phlegm, diuresis, alkalosis and the acidification of urine. Used for the production of batteries and fluorescent powder.
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Chemical Properties
Ammonium chloride,Nl4CI, also known as ammoniae, salmiai,and ammonium nituriate,is a white crystalline solid. It is soluble in water, aqueous solutionsof ammonia, and is slightly soluble in methyl alcohol. Ammonium chloride is found in natureas a sublimation productof volcanic activity, or is produced by neutralizing HCI(either in liquid or gaseousphase) with NH3 gas or liquid NH40H then evaporating the excess H20. The salt decomposes at350°C and sublimes under controlled conditions at 520 °C. Ammoniumchlorideis used as an electrolyte in dry cell batteries,as a fluxfor soldering, tinningandgalvanizing, andas a processing ingredientin textile printing and hide tanning. Use as a source of nitrogen for fertilizersis limited because of the possible build up of damaging chloride residuals in the soil.
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Chemical Properties
Ammonium chloride is a white crystalline solid. Odorless.
Uses
Ammonium Chloride is a dough conditioner and yeast food that exists as colorless crystals or white crystalline powder. approximately 30–38 g dissolves in water at 25°c. the ph of a 1% solution at 25°c is 5.2. it is used as a dough strengthener and flavor enhancer in baked goods and as a nitrogen source for yeast fermentation. it is also used in condiments and relishes. another term for the salt is ammonium muriate.
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Uses
Electrolyte
Uses
ammonium chloride is used as a thickener and as an additive in non-alcoholic toners. According to cosmetic formulators, the ammonium component provides the tingling or stinging sensation that some people associate with toners or aftershaves, and which, in regular toners, is usually provided by the alcohol content. Ammonium chloride’s use is the result of preference in formulation feel.
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Uses
As a flux in zinc and tin plating; electroplating, electrolytic refining of zinc; etching solutions in manufacture of printed circuit boards; in dry and Leclanché batteries; as a nitrogen source for fertilization of rice and wheat, manufacturing of explosives; flame suppressant; hardener for formaldehyde-based adhesives; mordant for dyes and printing.
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Definition
ChEBI: An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.
Hazards & Safety Information
Category
Toxic substances
Toxic classification
Moderate toxicity
Acute toxicity
Oral-Rat LD50: 1650 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 1300 mg/kg
Stimulation Data
Eye-Rabbit 500 mg/24h  Severe
Explosives hazardous characteristics
React with potassium chlorate or BRF3 to explore; react with hydrogen cyanide to explore
Flammability hazardous properties
The products are not flammable by themselves and produce toxic nitrogen oxides, chlorides and ammonia fumes at high temperatures
Storage and transportation characteristics
Ventilation, low temperature and dry
Fire extinguishing agent
dry powder, foam, sand, carbon dioxide, mist water
Occupational Standard
TWA 10mg/m3; STEL 20 mg/m3
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General Description
Ammonium chloride is a white crystalline solid. Ammonium chloride is soluble in water(37%). The primary hazard is the threat posed to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Ammonium chloride is used to make other ammonium compounds, as a soldering flux, as a fertilizer, and for many other uses.
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Air & Water Reactions
Soluble in water. Slowly releases hydrogen chloride [USCG, 1999].
Reactivity Profile
Acidic salts, such as Ammonium chloride , are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydrogen ions and have pH's of less than 7.0. They react as acids to neutralize bases. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of inorganic acids, inorganic oxoacids, and carboxylic acid. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible. Many of these compounds catalyze organic reactions.
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Health Hazard
Inhalation of fumes irritates respiratory passages. Ingestion irritates mouth and stomach. Fumes are irritating to eyes. Contact with skin may cause irritation.
Safety Profile
Poison by subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular routes. Moderately toxic by other routes. A severe eye irritant. Mutation data reported. Explosive reaction with potassium chlorate or bromine trifluoride. Violent reaction (ignition) with bromine pentafluoride, NH4, Nos, and IF7. Reaction with hydrogen cyanide may give the explosive nitrogen trichloride. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NO,, Cl-, and NH3.
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Potential Exposure
Ammonium chloride is used as an industrial chemical, pharmaceutical, and veterinary drug; to make dry batteries; in galvanizing; as a soldering flux.
First aid
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.
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Shipping
UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name Required.
Purification Methods
Crystallise it several times from conductivity water (1.5mL/g) between 90o and 0o. It sublimes. After one crystallisation, ACS grade has: metal(ppm) As (1.2), K (1), Sb (7.2), V (10.2). [Becher in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 812 1963.]
Incompatibilities
Acids, alkalis, and silver salts.
Waste Disposal
Pretreatment involves addition of sodium hydroxide to liberate ammonia and form the soluble sodium salt. The liberated ammonia can be recovered and sold. After dilution to the permitted provisional limit, the sodium salt can be discharged into a stream or sewer.
Usage
Ammonium chloride is used for the lysis of human red blood cells. It is used in protein isolation techniques and in the study of basic calcium phosphate crystals in fibroblasts. It inhibits intracellular dissolution of basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals by alkalinizing phagolysosomes. It is used as a flavoring agent in some types of liquorices. It is also used as electrolyte in zinc-carbon batteries.
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Usage
Ammonium Chloride is commonly used as a buffer solution. It is used in the manufacture of fireworks, safety explosives and smokes. It is used to control pH levels in chemicals, to produce sodium carbonate, as a fertilizer, in electronics and in metallurgy. Also used as a flux for cleaning, as a flavoring agent, as an expectorant in cough medicine and as a systemic acidifying agent. It is widely used as an electrolyte in zinc-carbon batteries. It has application in leather industries for dyeing, tanning, textile printing and to luster cotton.
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Usage
It act as a buffer, as a flux in galvanizing steel sheet. It is used in batteries, to clean soldering irons, analytical lab reagent, in washing powders, electroplating, lustering cotton.
Usage
Ammonium Chloride is commonly used as a buffer solution. It is used in the manufacturing of fireworks, safety explosives and smokes. It is used to control pH levels in chemicals, to produce sodium carbonate, as a fertilizer, in electronics and in metallurgy. Also used as a flux for cleaning, as a flavoring agent, as an expectorant in cough medicine and as a systemic acidifying agent.
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Usage
Ammonium chloride finds its use as a flux in preparing metals for galvanizing, soldering or tin coating. While mainly referred as a nitrogen source fertilizer, it is also used in cleaning tip of soldering iron, hair shampoo as a thickening agent, some batteries as electrolyte, tanning, textile printing, dyeing, and cleaning products. In laboratories it is used to produce cooling baths and for producing buffers. Along with certain metals, it is used for effecting certain reductions in organic synthesis. It can be used as a precursor to ammonium cyanate, which is employed in the W?hler synthesis of urea. It facilitates several organic transformations in a mild and efficient manner - for example in Ulmann coupling, cross-aldol condensation, Claisen rearrangement, reduction, thia-Michael addition and synthesis of several monocyclic, fused or spiro bicyclic nitrogen heterocycles.
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Storage features
Separated from ammonium nitrate and potassium chlorate. Dry.
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12. Related Questions
What is the chemical formula of Ammonium chloride? The chemical formula of Ammonium chloride is NH4Cl, a colorless cubic crystal or white crystalline with a salty, cool, and slightly bitter taste. It is soluble in water and liquid ammonia, and slight..
What are the uses and potential hazards of Ammonium Chloride? Description Ammonium Chloride is an odourless, white powder. It is a finely divided particle dispersed in air and is produced in galvanizing operations. This compound is used in various industries su..
What are the main uses of Ammonium chloride?Ammonium chloride, also known as sal ammoniac or ammonium chloride, with the chemical formula NH4Cl, is the ammonium salt of hydrochloric acid. It is mostly a by-product of alkali production in the in..
Can Ammonium Chloride be the Key to Fighting COVID-19?Introduction of Ammonium chloride Ammonium chloride is a small molecule autophagy inhibitor. It is a pH-regulating quaternary ammonium compound that causes intracellular alkalosis and metabolic acidos..
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