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Thiourea structure

Thiourea

CAS：62-56-6
MW:76.117
MF：CH4N2S

Thiourea appears as white crystal/powder, is combustible, and on contact with fire, givesoff irritating or toxic fumes/gases. Thiourea is a reducing agent used primarily in the productionof bleached recycled pulp. In addition, it is also effective in the bleaching of stonegroundwood, pressurised groundwood. Thiourea undergoes decomposition on heatingand produces toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides. It reacts violently withacrolein, strong acids, and strong oxidants. The main application of thiourea is in textileprocessing and also is commonly employed as a source of sulphide. Thiourea is a precursorto sulphide to produce metal sulphides, for example, mercury sulphide, upon reactionwith the metal salt in aqueous solution. The industrial uses of thiourea include productionof flame-retardant resins and vulcanisation accelerators. Thiourea is used as an auxiliaryagent in diazo paper, light-sensitive photocopy paper, and almost all other typesof copy paper. Thiourea is used in many industrial applications, including as a chemicalintermediate or catalyst, in metal processing and plating, and in photoprocessing. View more+

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Names and ldentifier
Properties
Use and Manufacturing
Safety and Handling
Msds
NMR Spectrum
Other Information
Computational chemical data
Related Questions
Realated Product Infomation

1. Names and Identifiers

1.1 Name: Thiourea

1.2 Synonyms: 250g; AKOS BBS-00004390; carbamimidothioic acid; Cefotaxime Impurity 13; EINECS 200-543-5; Isothioharnstoff; MFCD00008067; SULFOUREA; Sulourea; THIO; THIOCARBAMIDE; Thiocarbamidsaeure-amid; thio-ure; Thiourea 5g [62-56-6]; THIOUREA DIOXID; Thiourea(TU); Thiourea, reagent grade, ACS; thiouree; Thiurea; THU; Tsizp 34;

1.3 CAS No.: 62-56-6

1.4 CID: 2723790

1.5 EINECS: 200-543-5

1.6 Molecular Formula: CH4N2S

1.7 Inchi: InChI=1S/CH4N2S/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4)

1.8 InChkey: UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

1.9 Canonical Smiles: C(=S)(N)N

1.10 Isomers Smiles: C(=S)(N)N

2. Properties

2.1 Solubility: 13.6 g/100 mL (20 °C)

2.2 AnalyticLaboratory Methods: Method: OSHA PV2059; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector; Analyte: thiourea;; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 3.0 ug/cu m.

2.3 Appearance: Thiourea appears as white or off-white crystals or powder. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)

2.4 Storage: Ambient temperatures.

2.5 Carcinogenicity: Thiourea is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimentalanimals.

2.6 Chemical Properties: Thiourea consists of colorless, lustrous crystals or powder with a bitter taste.

2.7 Color/Form: White crystalline solid
Almost colorless, rhombohedral crystals or needles from ethanol
White lustrous crystals

2.8 Contact Allergens: Thiourea is used as a cleaner agent for silver and cop-per, and as an antioxidant in diazo copy paper. It caninduce (photo-) contact dermatitis.

2.9 Decomposition: When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of nitroxides and sulfoxides.

2.10 Heat of Combustion: Heat of combustion at constant volume is -1482.2 kJ/mol (-19.47 kJ/g), and at constant pressure -1485.6 kJ/mol (-19.52 kJ/g)

2.11 Heat of Vaporization: 6.0034X10+7 J/kmol at 454.15 K (est)

2.12 Odor: Odorless

2.13 PH: 6-8 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃)

2.14 Physical: THIOUREA; is a white or off-white crystals or powder. Sinks and mixes with water;. (USCG, 1999)

2.15 pKa: -1.0(at 25℃)

2.16 Water Solubility: H2O: 13.6 g/100 mL (20 oC)

2.17 Spectral Properties: MAX ABSORPTION (H2O PH 7.4): 238 NM (LOG E= 4.1); SADTLER REF NUMBER: 3962, 12062 (IR, PRISM); 8315 (IR, GRATING)
Max absorption (methanol): 241 nm (UV)
IR: 4841 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
UV: 3292 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
Raman: 941 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
MASS: 52446 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database 1990 version)

2.18 Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, metallic salts, proteins, hydrocarbons. May react violently with acrolein.

2.19 StorageTemp: Store below +30°C.

2.20 Surface Tension: 1.0404X10-2 N/m at 454.15 K

2.21 Toxicity Summary: IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Thiourea; occurs as white, lustrous crystals or flaky solids. It is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. It has many uses including for photography and photocopying papers, organic synthesis of dyes, drugs, and hair preparations, rubber accelerators, analytical reagents, amino resins, mold inhibitors, flame retardants for textiles, peptizing agents, pesticides, chelating agents, and as a reagent for bismuth; and selenite; ions. Other uses are as an additive for slurry explosives, as a viscosity stabilizer for polymer solutions (e.g., in drilling muds), and as a mobility buffer in petroleum extraction. The removal of mercury; from wastewater from chlorine;-alkali electrolysis and gold; and silver; extraction from minerals are also of economic importance. Thiourea; has been identified as being used in hydraulic fracturing as a corrosion inhibitor. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The primary routes of potential human exposure to thiourea; are inhalation and dermal contact. The greatest risk of potential exposure exists for workers involved in the production or use of thiourea;. Thiourea; has been identified as a sensitizer in people suffering from photosensitivity. It may also cause depression of bone marrow with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Thiourea; was used in former times as a thyroid depressant in patients with hyperthyroidism. A daily dose of <15 mg (<0.2 mg/kg body weight per day for a 70-kg adult) in adults did not lead to measurable depression of the thyroid gland function, while a dose of 70 mg/day (about 1.0 mg/kg body weight per day) produced a remission of hyperthyroidism. ANIMAL STUDIES: Thiourea; is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. When administered in the drinking water;, thiourea; induced thyroid adenomas and carcinomas in rats of both sexes and squamous cell carcinomas of the Zymbal gland in male rats. When administered in the diet, thiourea; induced hepatocellular adenomas in rats and hepatomas in rainbow trout. When injected intraperitoneally and administered in drinking water;, thiourea; induced squamous cell carcinomas and mixed cell sarcomas in the Zymbal gland of rats of both sexes. Thiourea; also causes development and reproductive abnormalities. In studies with pregnant ewes administered 50 mg thiourea;/kg body weight daily for 2, 4, or 6 months, abortion, stillbirth, birth of weak/low-weight lambs, dystokia, and retention of placenta were common features. The severity of changes was dependent upon the stage of gestation when hypothyroidism was induced. High dose thiourea; severely inhibited thyroid function in rat pups, significantly depressed body growth, and retarded development of the acoustic startle response. At the low dose there was a significant reduction in growth, but no effect on acquisition of acoustic startle reflex. Thiourea; has shown genotoxicity. When tested at a dose range of 1X10-2 to 1X10-5 M, was found to be weakly active in causing unscheduled DNA synthesis. In hepatocytes, thiourea; elicited a linear increase in DNA repair replication in the concentration range tested (5-25 mM). In V79 cells, thiourea; (10-40 mM) significantly increased the frequency of 8-azaguanine;-resistant mutants. ECOTOXICITY: Treatment with 0.03% thiourea; via immersion for 21 days induced hypothyroidism (thyroid hormone depletion) as evidenced by significantly reduced serum T(3) levels in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Thiourea;-treated males had narrowed seminiferous lobules with fewer spermatozoa in testis, very little or no secretory fluid, reduced protein and sialic acid levels in seminal vesicles when compared to controls; accompanied by reduction in serum and tissue levels of testosterone; (T) and 11-ketotestosterone; (11-KT), a potent male specific androgen in fish. There were physiological and histological signs of recovery after 21 days such as reappearance of spermatozoa and partial restoration of 11-KT and T levels. In yearling rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, thiourea; treatment resulted in depression of gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity in sea water; (in 0.5% thiourea;) or delayed adaptive increase in ATPase activity (in 0.3% thiourea;) following sea water; entry as compared to control fish.

3. Use and Manufacturing

3.1 Agricultural Uses: Thiourea is a sulphur analogue of urea. It is a crystallineand colorless solid which is relatively insoluble in water.Thiourea, capable of breaking the dormancy of seeds, isused to stimulate seed germination. Seeds are soaked forless than 24 hours before planting.

3.2 Definition: A colorlesscrystalline organic compound (the sulfuranalog of urea). It is converted to the inorganic compound ammonium thiocyanateon heating. It is used as a sensitizer in photography and in medicine.

3.3 Description: Thiourea (CAS 62-56-6) is a white crystalline solid with a molecular formula of CH4N2S. It is soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone, and has a melting point of 171-176°C. Thiourea is a versatile compound with various applications in different fields.

Applicable Fields
Agriculture: Thiourea is used as a plant growth regulator, promoting root development and enhancing crop yield. It acts as a source of nitrogen and sulfur, essential nutrients for plant growth.

Photography: In the field of photography, thiourea is utilized as a fixing agent to remove unexposed silver halide from photographic films or papers. It helps in stabilizing the image and preventing fading.

Textile Industry: Thiourea finds application in the textile industry as a reducing agent for dyes and pigments. It helps in achieving vibrant and long-lasting colors on fabrics.

Mechanism of Action
Thiourea acts as a plant growth regulator by stimulating the production of cytokinins, which are responsible for cell division and differentiation. It also enhances the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen and sulfur metabolism.

Storage Conditions
Store in a cool, dry place.

3.4 General Description: White or off-white crystals or powder. Sinks and mixes with water.

3.5 GHS Classification: Signal: Warning
GHS Hazard Statements
H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]
H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]
H361d ***: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]
H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Precautionary Statement Codes
P201, P202, P264, P270, P273, P281, P301+P312, P308+P313, P330, P391, P405, and P501

3.6 Methods of Manufacturing: Production of thiourea; is now carried out by treating technical-grade calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) with hydrogen sulfide; or one of its precursors, e.g., ammonium sulfide or calcium hydrogen sulfide; [19]. The calcium cyanamide must contain at least 23% nitrogen; and must be free from calcium carbide; (CaC2), as otherwise explosive acetylene; is liberated by water; or hydrogen sulfide;. ... A reaction vessel is charged continuously with an aqueous suspension of calcium cyanamide and a mixture of hydrogen sulfide; and carbon dioxide;, such that the above reactions go to completion. The converted reaction mixture is removed continuously from the reactor and excess H2S is removed by stripping. Waste-gas from the reactor contains hydrogen sulfide;, which is purified in a scrubber connected to the reactor. The stripped thiourea; solution is filtered to remove the precipitated calcium carbonate; formed as one of the reaction products. The filtrate is evaporated in vacuum and thiourea; is crystallized by cooling. It is filtered, washed, and dried in an air stream.

3.7 Potential Exposure: Thiourea is used as rubber antiozonant, toning agent; corrosion inhibitor; and in pharmaceutical manufacture; in the manufacture of photosensitive papers; flame-retardant textile sizes; boiler water treatment. It is also used in photography; pesticide manufacture; in textile chemicals.

3.8 Purification Methods: Crystallise thiourea from absolute EtOH, MeOH, acetonitrile or water. Dry it under vacuum over H2SO4 at room temperature. [Beilstein 3 IV 342.]

3.9 Shipping: UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required. UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name Required.

3.10 Usage: The product is wildly used in pharmaceutical industry, agricultural, chemicals, metallurgical industry, petroleum and so on. It is also main material for producing thiourea dioxide(CH1N2O2S).

4. Safety and Handling

4.1 Exposure Standards and Regulations: Substances generally prohibited from direct additiion or use as human food. a) Thiourea is the chemical thiocarbamide, CH4N2S. It is a synthetic chemical, is not found in natural products at levels detectable by the official methodology, and has been proposed as an antimycotic for use in dipping citrus. (b) Food containing any added or detectable level of thiourea is deemed to be adulterated under the act.

4.2 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: log Kow = -1.08

4.3 Fire Hazard: Noncombustible solid. There is no report ofany explosion resulting from reactions ofthiourea. Small amounts of thiourea in contact with acrolein may polymerize acrolein,which is a highly exothermic reaction.

4.4 Other Preventative Measures: In the case of the precursor /to aminothiazole/, thiourea, particular attention should be given to the hazard of skin absorption by the provision of protective clothing and adequate sanitary facilities incl showers.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used. ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs. ... Special consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of admin of volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... Unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres for chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. ... Contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used. ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

4.5 Cleanup Methods: SLUDGE WAS TREATED WITH 5% AQ SOLN OF THIOUREA, SAND & PORTLAND CEMENT AT PH 12.5. LEACHING TEST OF RESULTING CONCRETE SHOWED THAT DISSOLVED CONCN OF MERCURY, CADMIUM,LEAD, COPPER, & ARSENIC WERE FAR BELOW REGULATION LEVELS.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms. ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal. ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately. ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly. ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated. ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Cover with a weak solution of calcium hypochlorite (up to 15%). Transfer into a large breaker. After 12 hours, neutralize with 6m-hydrochloric acid or 6m ammonium hydroxide, if necessary. ...

4.6 DisposalMethods: Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U219, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. [
A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.
The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for thiourea: Concentration process: Biological treatment.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... Summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Total destruction ... by incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable. ... Most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as sat soln of potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/

4.7 Formulations/Preparations: Thiourea is available in the USA as a lab chemical containing 99% active ingredient. The specifications for a West German commercial product were as follows: 99% minimum active ingredient, 0.15% maximum water, 0.1% maximum ash, 0.4% maximum dicyanodiamide and traces of sulfate ion.
Grades: Technical; reagent

4.8 Incompatibilities: Dust may form explosive mixture with air. Reacts violently with acrolein, strong acids (nitric acid). Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.

4.9 Protective Equipment and Clothing: Wear rubber gloves & gas mask.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

4.10 Reactivities and Incompatibilities: The solid peroxide produced by action of hydrogen peroxide & nitric acid on thiourea (& possibly a hydrogen peroxidate of thiourea dioxide) decomposed violently on drying in air, with evolution of sulfur dioxide & free sulfur.
REACTS WITH VARIOUS SULFHYDRYL-OXIDIZING AGENTS; COMPLEXES & ADDUCTS WITH ORGANIC CMPD, PROTEIN & CERTAIN HYDROCARBONS.
Acrolein polymerizes with release of heat on contact with thiourea.
Incompatible with acrylaldehyde; hydrogen peroxide; nitric acid.

4.11 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations: ... Skin irritant ...

4.12 Safety: Hazard Codes:?Xn,?N
Risk Statements: 22-40-51/53-63?
R22:Harmful if swallowed.?
R40:Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.?
R51/53:Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.?
R63:Possible risk of harm to the unborn child.
Safety Statements: 36/37-61?
S36/37:Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves.?
S61:Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.
RIDADR: UN 2811 6.1/PG 3
WGK Germany: 2
RTECS: YU2800000
HazardClass: 6.1
PackingGroup: III
HS Code: 29309070
Hazardous Substances Data: 62-56-6(Hazardous Substances Data)

4.13 Specification: ?Thiourea (CAS NO.62-56-6) is also named as 2-Thiopseudourea ; 2-Thiourea ; AI3-03582 ; CCRIS 588 ; Caswell No. 855 ; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 080201 ; HSDB 1401 ; Isothiourea ; NSC 5033 ; Pseudothiourea ; Pseudourea, 2-thio- ; RCRA waste number U219 ; Sulourea ; THU ; Thiocarbamide ; Thiocarbonic acid diamide ; Thiomocovina ; Thiomocovina [Czech] ; Thiuronium ; Tsizp 34 ; USAF EK-497 ; Urea, 2-thio- ; Urea, thio- ; beta-Thiopseudourea?.?Thiourea (CAS NO.62-56-6) is white crystals or powder . It is water soluble.?Thiourea is?toxic and carcinogenic. When heated to decomposition?Thiourea emits very toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen. Violent exothermic polymerization reaction with acrylaldehyde (acrolein), violent decomposition of the reaction product with hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid , spontaneous explosion upon grinding with potassium chlorate. Poisonous inhaled or swallowed. Irritating to skin; may cause allergic skin eruptions.

4.14 Toxicity: LD50 orally in wild Norway rats: 1830 mg/kg (Dieke)

5. MSDS

2.Hazard identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

Acute toxicity - Oral, Category 4

Carcinogenicity, Category 2

Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term (Chronic) - Category Chronic 2

Reproductive toxicity, Category 2

2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram(s)
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statement(s)	H302 Harmful if swallowed H351 Suspected of causing cancer H411 Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
Precautionary statement(s)
Prevention	P264 Wash ... thoroughly after handling. P270 Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. P201 Obtain special instructions before use. P202 Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P273 Avoid release to the environment.
Response	P301+P312 IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/\u2026if you feel unwell. P330 Rinse mouth. P308+P313 IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/ attention. P391 Collect spillage.
Storage	P405 Store locked up.
Disposal	P501 Dispose of contents/container to ...

2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification

none

6. NMR Spectrum

IR : KBr disc

IR : nujol mull

Mass

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

7. Synthesis Route

62-56-6Total: 1 Synthesis Route

3129-90-6

3129-90-6

62-56-6

62-56-6 429 Suppliers

8. Precursor and Product

precursor:

3129-90-6

3129-90-6

product:

82118-18-1

82118-18-1

2986-19-8

2986-19-8

9. Computed Properties

Molecular Weight：76.117g/mol
Molecular Formula：CH₄N₂S
Compound Is Canonicalized：True
Exact Mass：-0.8
XLogP3-AA：76.00951931
Monoisotopic Mass：76.00951931
Complexity：29
Rotatable Bond Count：0
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count：2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count：1
Topological Polar Surface Area：84.1
Heavy Atom Count：：4
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count：0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count：0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count：0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count：0
Isotope Atom Count：0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count：1
CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint：AAADcYADAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAQQAAAAAAAAAAABAABAAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==

10.Other Information

Usage: Reagent for organic synthesisUsed as a reagent for organic synthesis. Thiourea is a photographic fixative, and used in manufacture of resins. It acts as a catalyst for asymmetric reactions. It plays an essential role as a catalyst for highly enantio- and diastereoselective additions reaction of oxindoles to nitroolefins. It is also useful to improve the productivity of mung bean.

Usage: Used as a reagent for organic synthesis. Thiourea is a photographic fixative, and used in manufacture of resins. It act as a catalyst for asymmetric reactions. It plays an essential role as catalyst for highly enantio- and diastereoselective additions reaction of oxindoles to nitroolefins. It is also useful to improve the productivity of mung bean.

Merck: 14,9367

BRN: 605327

Description: Thiourea appears as white crystal/powder, is combustible, and on contact with fire, gives off irritating or toxic fumes/gases. Thiourea is a reducing agent used primarily in the production of bleached recycled pulp. In addition, it is also effective in the bleaching of stone groundwood, pressurised groundwood. Thiourea undergoes decomposition on heating and produces toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides. It reacts violently with acrolein, strong acids, and strong oxidants. The main application of thiourea is in textile processing and also is commonly employed as a source of sulphide. Thiourea is a precursor to sulphide to produce metal sulphides, for example, mercury sulphide, upon reaction with the metal salt in aqueous solution. The industrial uses of thiourea include production of flame-retardant resins and vulcanisation accelerators. Thiourea is used as an auxiliary agent in diazo paper, light-sensitive photocopy paper, and almost all other types of copy paper. Thiourea is used in many industrial applications, including as a chemical intermediate or catalyst, in metal processing and plating, and in photoprocessing.

Chemical Properties: Thiourea consists of colorless, lustrous crystals or powder with a bitter taste.

Chemical Properties: white crystals or powder

Uses: The product is wildly used in pharmaceutical industry, agricultural, chemicals, metallurgical industry, petroleum and so on. It is also main material for producing thiourea dioxide(CH1N2O2S).

Uses: Chaotropic agent; strong denaturant. Increases solubility and recovery of proteins

Uses: Used in determination of bismuth.

Uses: In animal glue liquifiers and silver tarnish removers. Photographic fixing agent and to remove stains from negatives; manufacture of resins; vulcanization accelerator; a reagent for bismuth, selenite ions.

Uses: Thiourea is used in the manufacture of resins,as a vulcanization accelerator, and as aphotographic fixing agent and to removestains from negatives.

Uses: The most common uses for thiourea have been for the production of thiourea dioxide (30%), in leaching of gold and silver ores (25%), in diazo papers (15%), and as a catalyst in the synthesis of fumaric acid (10%) (IARC 2001). It has also been used in the production and modification of synthetic resins. Other uses of thiourea are as a photographic toning agent, in hair preparations, as a drycleaning agent, in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, in boiler-water treatment, and as a reagent for bismuth and selenite ions. It has also been used in textile and dyeing auxiliaries, in the production of industrial cleaning agents (e.g., for photographic tanks and metal surfaces in general), for engraving metal surfaces, as an isomerization catalyst in the conversion of maleic to fumaric acid, in copper-refining electrolysis, in electroplating, and as an antioxidant. Other uses have included as a vulcanization accelerator, an additive for slurry explosives,as a viscosity stabilizer for polymer solutions, and as a mobility buffer in petroleum extraction. It is also used as an ingredient of consumer silver polishes (HPD 2009), and has been used in the removal of mercury from wastewater by chlorine-alkali electrolysis (IARC 1974, 2001, WHO 2003).

Production Methods: Thiourea is formed by heating ammonium thiocyanate at 170 °C (338 °F). After about an hour, 25% conversion is achieved. With HCl, thiourea forms thiourea hydrochloride; with mercuric oxide, thiourea forms a salt; and with silver chloride, it forms a complex salt.

Preparation: Thiourea is manufactured by heating ammonium thiocyanate at 140-145°C for about 4 hours; equilibrium is established when about 25% of the thiocyanate is converted to thiourea.Thiourea may also be prepared by the interaction of cyanamide and hydrogen sulphide:

Thiourea closely resembles urea in that reaction with formaldehyde gives methylol derivatives and then resinous condensates which on continued heating yield network structures. Thiourea-formaldehyde resins are slower curing than urea-formaldehyde resins and the hardened products are more brittle and more water-resistant. At one time thiourea-formaldehyde resins were added to urea-formaldehyde resins to give mouldings and laminates with improved water-resistance. These mixed resins have now been largely superseded by melamine-formaldehyde resins which give products with better resistance to heat.

Definition: A colorless crystalline organic compound (the sulfur analog of urea). It is converted to the inorganic compound ammonium thiocyanate on heating. It is used as a sensitizer in photography and in medicine.

Definition: thiourea: A white crystalline solid,(NH₂)₂CS; r.d. 1.4; m.p. 182°C. It isused as a fixer in photography.

Definition: ChEBI: The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.

General Description: White or off-white crystals or powder. Sinks and mixes with water.

Air & Water Reactions: Water soluble.

Reactivity Profile: Thiocarbamide is a white crystalline material or powder, toxic, carcinogenic. When heated to decomposition Thiocarbamide emits very toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen. Violent exothermic polymerization reaction with acrylaldehyde (acrolein) [MCA SD-85, 1961], violent decomposition of the reaction product with hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid [Bjorklund G. H. et al., Trans. R. Soc. Can.,1950, 44, p. 28], spontaneous explosion upon grinding with potassium chlorate [Soothill, D., Safety Management, 1992, 8(6), p. 11].

Hazard: A questionable carcinogen. May not be used in food products (FDA); skin irritant (allergenic).

Health Hazard: Poisonous inhaled or swallowed. Irritating to skin; may cause allergic skin eruptions.

Health Hazard: The acute oral toxicity of thiourea in mostanimals is of low order. The oral LD50 values reported in the literature show variation.Symptoms of chronic effects in rats includebone marrow depression and goiters. Administration of 32.8 mol of thiourea in chickembryos on day 17 of incubation resultedin the accumulation of parabronchial liquidin those embryos (Wittman et al. 1987). Theinvestigators have attributed such changes tothe toxic effects of thiourea, rather to than aretardation of pulmonary development.
Dedon and coworkers (1986) observed thepossible protective action of thiourea againstplatinum toxicity. Thiourea and other sulfur-containing nucleophiles have the ability tochelate and remove platinum from biochemical sites of toxicity.
Oral administration of thiourea resultedin tumors in the liver and thyroid in rats.It is carcinogenic to animals and has shownsufficient evidence.

Fire Hazard: Noncombustible solid. There is no report of any explosion resulting from reactions of thiourea. Small amounts of thiourea in contact with acrolein may polymerize acrolein, which is a highly exothermic reaction.

Agricultural Uses: Thiourea is a sulphur analogue of urea. It is a crystalline and colorless solid which is relatively insoluble in water. Thiourea, capable of breaking the dormancy of seeds, is used to stimulate seed germination. Seeds are soaked for less than 24 hours before planting.

Contact allergens: Thiourea is used as a cleaner agent for silver and cop- per, and as an antioxidant in diazo copy paper. It can induce (photo-) contact dermatitis.

Biochem/physiol Actions: Thiourea is a free radical scavenger of the peroxide radical. It was shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation and ultraviolet (UV)-induced crosslinking of collagen. Bud dormancy in plants can be inhibited by thiourea, which is used as a growth stimulator. It is also known to be used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Potential Exposure: Thiourea is used as rubber antiozonant, toning agent; corrosion inhibitor; and in pharmaceutical manufacture; in the manufacture of photosensitive papers; flame-retardant textile sizes; boiler water treatment. It is also used in photography; pesticide manufacture; in textile chemicals.

Carcinogenicity: Thiourea is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Shipping: UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required. UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name Required.

Purification Methods: Crystallise thiourea from absolute EtOH, MeOH, acetonitrile or water. Dry it under vacuum over H2SO4 at room temperature. [Beilstein 3 IV 342.]

Incompatibilities: Dust may form explosive mixture with air. Reacts violently with acrolein, strong acids (nitric acid). Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.

Waste Disposal: Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.

Storage features: Separated from acids, food and feedstuffs, acrolein and oxidants. Cool. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

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12. Related Questions

: What is Thiourea and How is it Used in Various Industries? Introduction: Thiourea is a compound with important chemical significance that plays an important role in the chemical field. Thiourea is an organic compound containing sulfur and nitrogen, which has..; What is the use of thiourea Introduction : Thiourea is a widely used compound that plays an important role in many fields. This article aims to explore the use of Thiourea and study its application and potential in different fi..; What is the difference between urea and thiourea?Visualize a carbon with its four bonds being two methyl (CH3) groups and a double-bonded oxygen (called a keto group.) This is urea. Replace the oxygen with a sulfur (which is right under oxygen on th..; Why is thiourea a monodentate ligand? I was going through a list of monodentate ligands, and I came across examples like HX2OHX2O (which has 2 lone pairs), BrX?BrX? , IX?IX? (both of them have more than one lone pair). Similarly, thioure..

13. Realated Product Infomation

1. Names and Identifiers

1.1 Name
1.2 Synonyms
1.3 CAS No.
1.4 EINECS(EC#)
1.5 Molecular Formula
1.6 Inchi
1.7 InChkey
1.8 Canonical Smiles
1.9 Isomers Smiles

2. Properties

2.1 Solubility
2.2 AnalyticLaboratory Methods
2.3 Appearance
2.4 Storage
2.5 Carcinogenicity
2.6 Chemical Properties
2.7 Color/Form
2.8 Contact Allergens
2.9 Decomposition
2.10 Heat of Combustion
2.11 Heat of Vaporization
2.12 Odor
2.13 PH
2.14 Physical
2.15 pKa
2.16 Water Solubility
2.17 Spectral Properties
2.18 Stability
2.19 StorageTemp
2.20 Surface Tension
2.21 Toxicity Summary

3. Use and Manufacturing

3.1 Agricultural Uses
3.2 Definition
3.3 Description
3.4 General Description
3.5 GHS Classification
3.6 Methods of Manufacturing
3.7 Potential Exposure
3.8 Purification Methods
3.9 Shipping
3.10 Usage

4. Safety and Handling

4.1 Exposure Standards and Regulations
4.2 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient
4.3 Fire Hazard
4.4 Other Preventative Measures
4.5 Cleanup Methods
4.6 DisposalMethods
4.7 Formulations/Preparations
4.8 Incompatibilities
4.9 Protective Equipment and Clothing
4.10 Reactivities and Incompatibilities
4.11 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations
4.12 Safety
4.13 Specification
4.14 Toxicity

6. NMR Spectrum

7. Synthesis Route

8. Precursor and Product

9. Computational chemical data

10. Other Information

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