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Lithium chloride structure

Lithium chloride

Colorless crystals or powder. Low toxicity.
 
1. Names and Identifiers
1.1 Name
Lithium chloride
1.2 Synonyms
EINECS 231-212-3; lithium atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g li; lithium chloride, acs; lithium chloride, ultra dry; lithium ion standard solution; Lithium, Ion chromatography standard solution, Specpure(R), Li- 1000μg/ml; lithium,chloride; Lithiumchlorid; LITHIUMCHLORIDE,CRYSTAL,REAGENT,ACS; LITHIUMCHLORIDE,POWDER,REAGENT,ACS; MFCD00064606;
1.3 CAS No.
7447-41-8
1.4 CID
433294
1.5 EINECS
231-212-3
1.6 Molecular Formula
ClLi
1.7 Inchi
InChI=1S/ClH.Li/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
1.8 InChkey
KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
1.9 Canonical Smiles
[Li+].[Cl-]
1.10 Isomers Smiles
[Li+].[Cl-]
2. Properties
2.1 Solubility
H2O: soluble
2.2 Appearance
white odourless solid
2.3 Storage
Ambient temperatures.
2.4 Chemical Properties
Lithium chloride is a White cubic crystals; granules or powder; hygroscopic; sharp salt-like taste; melts at 605°C; vaporizes around 1360°C, It has an unusually high water solubility when compared to the other alkali metal chlorides; readily dissolves in water (64g/100mL at 0°C); also highly soluble in alcohol and pyridine; moderately soluble in acetone (4.1 g/100mL at 25°C).The following hydrates are known: LiCl·H2O, LiCl-3H20 and LiCl- 5H2O. The higher hydrates are stable at progressively lower temperatures. Lithium chloride is deliquescent under normal atmospheric conditions.Lithium chloride is soluble to a significant extent in many polar organic liquids. It is generally most soluble in alcohols in which the solubility decreases as the size of the organic radical increases.
2.5 Color/Form
White to gray
2.6 Odor
Odorless
2.7 PH
5.5-7.5 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
2.8 Water Solubility
832 g/L (20 oC)
2.9 Stability
Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, bromine trichloride, bromine trifluoride. Very hygroscopic. Protect from moisture.
2.10 StorageTemp
2-8°C
3. Use and Manufacturing
3.1 Definition
ChEBI: A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.
3.2 Description
Lithium chloride is a White cubic crystals; granules or powder; hygroscopic; sharp salt-like taste; melts at 605°C; vaporizes around 1360°C, It has an unusually high water solubility when compared to the other alkali metal chlorides; readily dissolves in water (64g/100mL at 0°C); also highly soluble in alcohol and pyridine; moderately soluble in acetone (4.1 g/100mL at 25°C).The following hydrates are known: LiCl·H2O, LiCl-3H20 and LiCl- 5H2O. The higher hydrates are stable at progressiv
3.3 General Description
Colorless crystals or powder. Low toxicity.
3.4 Purification Methods
Crystallise it from water (1mL/g) or MeOH and dry it for several hours at 130o. Other metal ions can be removed by preliminary crystallisation from hot aqueous 0.01M disodium EDTA. It has also been crystallised from conc HCl, fused in an atmosphere of dry HCl gas, cooled under dry N2 and pulverised in a dry-box. Kolthoff and Bruckenstein [J Am Chem Soc 74 2529 1952] precipitated it with ammonium carbonate, washed it with Li2CO3 five times by decantation and finally with suction, then dissolved it in HCl. The LiCl solution is evaporated slowly with continuous stirring in a large evaporating dish, the dry powder being stored (while still hot) in a desiccator over CaCl2. Lithium chloride Preparation Products And Raw materials Preparation Products
3.5 Usage
Lithium chloride is used as an antidepressant, especially in the treatmentof manic depression and bipolar disorders.
4. Safety and Handling
4.1 Fire Hazard
Flash point data for Lithium chloride are not available. Lithium chloride is probably combustible.
4.2 Safety Profile
Human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by intravenous and intracerebral routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Human systemic effects by ingestion: somnolence, tremors, nausea or vomiting. An eye and severe skin irritant. Human mutation data reported. Questionable carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data. This material has been recommended and used as a substitute for sodwm chloride in "saltfree" diets, but cases have been reported in which the ingestion of lithium chloride has produced dminess, ringing in the ears, visual disturbances, tremors, and mental confusion. In most cases, the symptoms disappeared when use was discontinued. Prolonged absorption may cause disturbed electrolyte balance, impaired renal function. Reaction is violent with BrF3. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-. Used for dehumidification in the air conditioning industry. Also used to obtain lithum metal. See also LITHIUM COMPOUNDS.
4.3 Report

Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory. EPA Genetic Toxicology Program.

4.4 Safety

Hazard Codes of Lithium chloride (CAS NO.7447-41-8):?FlammableF,HarmfulXn,CorrosiveC,IrritantXi
Risk Statements: 11-36/37/38-35-10-19-63-20/21/22?
R11: Highly flammable.?
R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.?
R35: Causes severe burns.?
R10: Flammable.?
R19: May form explosive peroxides.?
R63: Possible risk of harm to the unborn child.?
R20/21/22: Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
Safety Statements: 26-36/37/39-16-45-33-29-22?
S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.?
S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.?
S16: Keep away from sources of ignition.?
S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)?
S33: Take precautionary measures against static discharges.?
S29: Do not empty into drains.?
S22: Do not breathe dust.
RIDADR: UN 2789 8/PG 2
WGK Germany: 1
RTECS: OJ5950000
F: 3-10
HazardClass: 8
PackingGroup: III
HS Code 28273980
Human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by intravenous and intracerebral routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Human systemic effects by ingestion: somnolence, tremors, nausea or vomiting. An eye and severe skin irritant. Human mutation data reported. Questionable carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data. This material has been recommended and used as a substitute for sodium chloride in “salt-free” diets, but cases have been reported in which the ingestion of lithium chloride has produced dizziness, ringing in the ears, visual disturbances, tremors, and mental confusion. In most cases, the symptoms disappeared when use was discontinued. Prolonged absorption may cause disturbed electrolyte balance, impaired renal function. Reaction is violent with BrF3. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl?. Used for dehumidification in the air conditioning industry. Also used to obtain lithium metal. See also LITHIUM COMPOUNDS.

4.5 Sensitive
Hygroscopic
4.6 Toxicity

Organism Test Type Route Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) Effect Source
bird - wild LD50 oral 422mg/kg (422mg/kg) ? Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 12, Pg. 355, 1983.
cat LD50 intraperitoneal 492mg/kg (492mg/kg) ? Russian Pharmacology and Toxicology Vol. 42, Pg. 9, 1979.
cat LDLo subcutaneous 450mg/kg (450mg/kg) ? Environmental Quality and Safety, Supplement. Vol. 1, Pg. 1, 1975.
dog LDLo intravenous 500mg/kg (500mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: FOOD INTAKE (ANIMAL)

GASTROINTESTINAL: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS

MUSCULOSKELETAL: OTHER CHANGES
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 100, Pg. 429, 1950.
frog LDLo subcutaneous 885mg/kg (885mg/kg) ? "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935.
guinea pig LD50 intraperitoneal 624mg/kg (624mg/kg) ? "Spravochnik po Toksikologii i Gigienicheskim Normativam Vol. -, Pg. 157, 1999.
guinea pig LDLo subcutaneous 620mg/kg (620mg/kg) ? Environmental Quality and Safety, Supplement. Vol. 1, Pg. 1, 1975.
human LDLo oral 200mg/kg/3D (200mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)

BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE CONTRACTION OR SPASTICITY)

BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS
JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 139, Pg. 688, 1949.
human TDLo oral 243mg/kg/13D (243mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)

BEHAVIORAL: TREMOR

GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING
JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 139, Pg. 688, 1949.
mouse LD50 intracrebral 14040ug/kg (14.04mg/kg) SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: PTOSIS: EYE

BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. Vol. 69, Pg. 75, 1973.
mouse LD50 intraperitoneal 600mg/kg (600mg/kg) ? Journal of Thermal Biology. Vol. 6, Pg. 87, 1981.
mouse LD50 intravenous 363mg/kg (363mg/kg) BRAIN AND COVERINGS: RECORDINGS FROM SPECIFIC AREAS OF CNS

BEHAVIORAL: ANTIPSYCHOTIC
Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 7, Pg. 413, 1973.
mouse LD50 oral 1165mg/kg (1165mg/kg) ? Russian Pharmacology and Toxicology Vol. 33, Pg. 266, 1970.
mouse LD50 subcutaneous 738mg/kg (738mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: TREMOR

MUSCULOSKELETAL: OTHER CHANGES
Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 43, Pg. 51, 1978.
pigeon LDLo subcutaneous 513mg/kg (513mg/kg) ? "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935.
quail LD50 oral 422mg/kg (422mg/kg) ? Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 12, Pg. 355, 1983.
rabbit LD50 oral 800mg/kg (800mg/kg) ? Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya Vol. 39, Pg. 53, 1976.
rabbit LDLo subcutaneous 531mg/kg (531mg/kg) ? Environmental Quality and Safety, Supplement. Vol. 1, Pg. 1, 1975.
rat LD50 intracrebral 4800ug/kg (4.8mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)

BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy. Vol. 26, Pg. 399, 1974.
rat LD50 intraperitoneal 514mg/kg (514mg/kg) ? Personal Communication from K.P. Petersen, DAK Labs., 59 Lergravsvej, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Demark, Dec. 22, 1977Vol. 22DEC1977,
rat LD50 intratracheal 205mg/kg (205mg/kg) ? "Spravochnik po Toksikologii i Gigienicheskim Normativam Vol. -, Pg. 157, 1999.
rat LD50 oral 526mg/kg (526mg/kg) ? Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 47, Pg. 351, 1980.
rat LD50 subcutaneous 499mg/kg (499mg/kg) ? Personal Communication from K.P. Petersen, DAK Labs., 59 Lergravsvej, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Demark, Dec. 22, 1977Vol. 22DEC1977,

5. MSDS

2.Hazard identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

Acute toxicity - Oral, Category 4

Skin irritation, Category 2

Eye irritation, Category 2

2.2 GHS label elements, including precautionary statements

Pictogram(s)
Signal word

Warning

Hazard statement(s)

H302 Harmful if swallowed

H315 Causes skin irritation

H319 Causes serious eye irritation

Precautionary statement(s)
Prevention

P264 Wash ... thoroughly after handling.

P270 Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.

P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

Response

P301+P312 IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/\u2026if you feel unwell.

P330 Rinse mouth.

P302+P352 IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water/...

P321 Specific treatment (see ... on this label).

P332+P313 If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.

P362+P364 Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.

P305+P351+P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.

P337+P313 If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.

Storage

none

Disposal

P501 Dispose of contents/container to ...

2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification

none

6. Computed Properties
7.Other Information
Usage
Used in formation of an active Mn(0) species useful for radical cyclization reactions. It is utilized in a variety of assays to study cell-fate and neurobiology. In developing Xenopus embryos, lithium chloride is observed to exert inhibition of GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β). Additionally, in transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) stimulated with angiotension II (Ang II), it was noted that lithium chloride enhanced the production of inositol triphosphate. The antiviral properties of lithium chloride were noted in a study which showed that the compound inhibited pseudorabis virus infection in vitro. It is primarily used in the synthesis of lithium metal by electrolysis. Also acts as a prescribed drug for bipolar mood disorder, it may also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties.
Usage
In air-conditioning, welding and soldering flux, dry batteries, heat-exchange media, salt baths, and desiccants.Lithium chloride is useful for the production of lithium metal, and for the generation of Mn(0) species which can be used in free radical cyclizations. It can serve as a flame colorant to generate dark red flames, a brazing flux for aluminum in automobiles, a hygrometer, and a desiccant for drying air streams. On exposure to air, it becomes a solution with the concentration directly related to relative humidity of the atmosphere, and hence serves as a relative humidity standard in calibrating hygrometers. Apart from being a source of chloride, it serves as an additive in the Stille reaction in organic synthesis, and to precipitate RNA from cellular extracts. Being biologically significant, it finds applications in a wide variety of assays to study cell-fate and neurobiology. Lithium chloride has been found to inhibit virus infection.
Usage
Lithium chloride is useful for the production of lithium metal and for the generation of Mn(0) species which can be used in free radical cyclizations. It can serve as a flame colorant to generate dark red flames, a brazing flux for aluminum in automobiles, a hygrometer and a desiccant for drying air streams. On exposure to air, it becomes a solution with the concentration directly related to relative humidity of the atmosphere and hence serves as a relative humidity standard in calibrating hygrometers. Apart from being a source of chloride, it serves as an additive in the Stille reaction in organic synthesis and to precipitate RNA from cellular extracts. Being biologically significant, it finds applications in a wide variety of assays to study cell-fate and neurobiology. Lithium chloride has been found to inhibit virus infection.
Usage
Lithium chloride is useful for the production of lithium metal, and for the generation of Mn(0) species which can be used in free radical cyclizations. It can serve as a flame colorant to generate dark red flames, a brazing flux for aluminum in automobiles, a hygrometer, and a desiccant for drying air streams. On exposure to air, it becomes a solution with the concentration directly related to relative humidity of the atmosphere, and hence serves as a relative humidity standard in calibrating hygrometers. Apart from being a source of chloride, it serves as an additive in the Stille reaction in organic synthesis, and to precipitate RNA from cellular extracts. Being biologically significant, it finds applications in a wide variety of assays to study cell-fate and neurobiology. Lithium chloride has been found to inhibit virus infection.
Merck
14,5528
Chemical Properties
Lithium chloride is a White cubic crystals; granules or powder; hygroscopic; sharp salt-like taste; melts at 605°C; vaporizes around 1360°C, It has an unusually high water solubility when compared to the other alkali metal chlorides; readily dissolves in water (64g/100mL at 0°C); also highly soluble in alcohol and pyridine; moderately soluble in acetone (4.1 g/100mL at 25°C).
The following hydrates are known: LiCl·H2O, LiCl-3H20 and LiCl- 5H2O. The higher hydrates are stable at progressively lower temperatures. Lithium chloride is deliquescent under normal atmospheric conditions.
Lithium chloride is soluble to a significant extent in many polar organic liquids. It is generally most soluble in alcohols in which the solubility decreases as the size of the organic radical increases.
Lithium chloride
It dehumidifies air for industrial drying and for air conditioning. Lithium chloride bums with a chrims on flame and is used in pyrotechnics. It is also used as a pyrotechnic in welding and brazing fluxes.
Physical properties
White cubic crystals; granules or powder; hygroscopic; sharp salt-like taste; refractive index 1.662; density 2.068 g/cm3; melts at 605°C; vaporizes around 1,360°C; readily dissolves in water (64g/100mL at 0°C); also highly soluble in alcohol and pyridine; moderately soluble in acetone (4.1 g/100mL at 25°C).
Uses
Lithium chloride is used as an antidepressant, especially in the treatment of manic depression and bipolar disorders.
Uses
Lithium chloride solutions are used in large dehumidification systems in the air-conditioning industry. This use depends on the low equilibrium pressure of water vapor above solutions of lithium chloride. After the solutions have absorbed water, they are regenerated by heating.
Lithium chloride is used in a number of salt mixtures. Such salt mixtures have low melting points allowing the material to be used in brazing fluxes and brazing baths. The molten lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic mixture can be used as an electrolyte. The mixture is electrolyzed for the production of lithium metal and is used as an electrolyte in voltaic cells.
manufacture of mineral waters; in pyrotechnics; soldering aluminum; in refrigerating machines.
Definition
ChEBI: A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.
Preparation
Lithium chloride may be prepared by reaction of lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid followed by crystallization:
(1) Li2CO3+ 2HCl →2LiCl + CO2+ H2O
(2) LiOH + HCl →LiCl + H2O
Crystallization above 95°C yields anhydrous salt. Hot solution upon cooling forms crystals of monohydrate, LiCl.H2O.
The solid and solution are separated and the supernatant solution is recycled for further evaporation. The crystals are dried to yield anhydrous lithium chloride.
Lithium chloride can be synthesized from its elements by heating lithium metal with chlorine gas.
It also may be obtained from natural brine.
General Description
Colorless crystals or powder. Low toxicity.
Air & Water Reactions
Very hygroscopic. Very soluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
These materials have weak oxidizing or reducing powers. Redox reactions can however still occur. For example, CO2, which is often regarded as chemically inert, vigorously oxidizes the strong reducing agent Mg if the two are heated together. The majority of compounds in this class are slightly soluble or insoluble in water. If soluble in water, then the solutions are usually neither strongly acidic nor strongly basic. These compounds are not water-reactive. Some do react with acids: carbonates generate carbon dioxide and heat when treated with acids; fluorides, sulfites and sulfides generate toxic gases (hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, respectively) when treated with acids.
Fire Hazard
Flash point data for Lithium chloride are not available. Lithium chloride is probably combustible.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Lithium chloride has the ability to block glycogen synthase kinase (GSK). It may also possess anti-inflammatory effects at low and non-toxic concentrations.
Safety Profile
Human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by intravenous and intracerebral routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Human systemic effects by ingestion: somnolence, tremors, nausea or vomiting. An eye and severe skin irritant. Human mutation data reported. Questionable carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data. This material has been recommended and used as a substitute for sodwm chloride in "saltfree" diets, but cases have been reported in which the ingestion of lithium chloride has produced dminess, ringing in the ears, visual disturbances, tremors, and mental confusion. In most cases, the symptoms disappeared when use was discontinued. Prolonged absorption may cause disturbed electrolyte balance, impaired renal function. Reaction is violent with BrF3. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-. Used for dehumidification in the air conditioning industry. Also used to obtain lithum metal. See also LITHIUM COMPOUNDS.
Purification Methods
Crystallise it from water (1mL/g) or MeOH and dry it for several hours at 130o. Other metal ions can be removed by preliminary crystallisation from hot aqueous 0.01M disodium EDTA. It has also been crystallised from conc HCl, fused in an atmosphere of dry HCl gas, cooled under dry N2 and pulverised in a dry-box. Kolthoff and Bruckenstein [J Am Chem Soc 74 2529 1952] precipitated it with ammonium carbonate, washed it with Li2CO3 five times by decantation and finally with suction, then dissolved it in HCl. The LiCl solution is evaporated slowly with continuous stirring in a large evaporating dish, the dry powder being stored (while still hot) in a desiccator over CaCl2.
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9. Related Questions
What is Lithium Chloride and How is it Used? Lithium chloride is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula LiCl and a molecular weight of 42.39. It is a white crystalline solid with deliquescence properties. It has a salty taste, is solu..
What are the properties and medicinal values of Lithium Chloride?Introduction Lithium chloride (LiCl) is a metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion. It has various roles, including as an antimanic drug and a geroprotector. This inorganic chloride and lithium sal..
What is the significance of Lithium Chloride in Analytical Chemistry?Lithium Chloride, an ionic compound, is highly polar and soluble in water. It exhibits greater solubility in organic solvents like acetone and methanol compared to potassium chloride or sodium chlorid..
If disodium hydrogenphosphate solution is added to a solution of lithium chloride in a test tube, what would be observed and which substance would be formed?The reaction of interest is shown below. 2LiCl(aq) + Na2HPO4(aq) → Li2HPO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) and (aq) means dissolved in water and (s) means solid (and not dissolved in water). Dilithium hydrogen phosph..
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